An interactive proof, informally, is a two-party protocol where an actor (the prover) can convince someone else (the verifier) of the validity of some statement. (The prover should be able to do so if and only if the proposition is indeed valid.) The interactive proof system is zero-knowledge if the…

A proof in logic is a sequence of statements based on axioms, a set of propositions that are thought to be true. This sequence is ordered, and it could comprise propositions or predicates, with variables. Each statement is obtained through derivation rules. Very simple composition rules, like OR, AND, etc… …

On 4 June 1996, only about 40 seconds after initiation of the flight sequence, at an altitude of about 3700 m, the Ariane 5 broke up and exploded. An independent Inquiry Board was appointed and gave out a complete report. “ The failure of Ariane 501 was caused by the…

Category Theory is a branch of mathematics. It’s the purest one since it’s all about abstraction. Well, it should not come as a surprise since many people think that math preexists human intelligence and it lives in the divine realm of ideas. So, if for any reason some particular resistant…

Nature is working on creating unique individuals, whereas culture has invented a single blueprint to which all people should conform. It is madness. The problem with identity is that while you spend time creating a “persona,” a mask, at the very core nothing is there. …

When renowned philosopher U. G. Krishnamurti came to visit Ramana Maharshi he knew that uncountable people had experienced a tremendous peace in his presence. But he felt nothing. So after a while, he asked: “Swami, are there any steps to reach the stage of liberation?” And Ramana answered: “There are…

Natural languages and programming languages are often compared for a simple reason: they both try to define some meaning and the latter also procedural steps to achieve some goal. Natural Languages. Also, natural languages can be used to define a list of paces, the typical example being a todo list or a…

The Bongard problem is simple. The name comes from computer scientist Mikhail Moiseevich Bongard, the first to put in use a meta-rational approach to problem-solving. It’s a drawing split into two parts. On both sides of it, usually, six geometrical pictures are drawn. …

In programming languages, a type system is a logical system that comprises variables, expressions, functions, or modules. These types, every one in its own, form categories of sets. The main purpose of this system is, of course, to reduce possibilities for bugs defining interfaces and consistency checks. The reason why…